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4Ingress Protection Rating
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Introduction to Ingress Protection (IP) Dust and Water Resistance Rating Testing

IP is the abbreviation for Ingress Protection. The IP rating refers to the protection level of electrical equipment enclosures against intrusion of foreign objects, which originates from the International Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC 60529. This standard was also adopted as an American National Standard in 2004.
In this standard, for the protection of electrical equipment enclosures against foreign object intrusion, the format of the IP rating is IPXX, where XX represents two Arabic numerals. The first marked numeral indicates the protection level against contact and solid foreign objects, and the second marked numeral indicates the water protection level. The specific protection levels can be referred to in the table below.
The following are the different test ratings:

Dust Protection Ratings
IP1X Protects against solid foreign objects with a diameter of 50mm and larger. The 50mm diameter test sphere shall not fully penetrate the enclosure.
IP2X Protects against solid foreign objects with a diameter of 12.5mm and larger. The 12.5mm diameter test sphere shall not fully penetrate the enclosure.
IP3X Protects against solid foreign objects with a diameter of 2.5mm and larger. The 2.5mm diameter test sphere shall not fully penetrate the enclosure.
IP4X Protects against solid foreign objects with a diameter of 1.0mm and larger. The 1.0mm diameter test sphere shall not fully penetrate the enclosure.
IP5X Dust-protected: It is impossible to completely block dust from entering, but the amount of dust ingress will not cause damage to the equipment.
IP6X Dust-tight: No dust shall enter the enclosure when it is subjected to a low pressure of 20 mbar.


Water Protection Ratings (Represented by the Second X)
IPX1 Test Name: Vertical Dripping Test
Test Apparatus: Dripping test device
Test Specimen Placement: Position the specimen in its normal operating position on a rotating test platform rotating at 1 r/min. The distance from the top of the specimen to the water dripping outlet shall not exceed 200 mm.
Test Conditions: Water drip rate is 10.5 mm/min
Test Duration: 10 min
IPX2 Test Name: Dripping Test at 15° Tilt
Test Apparatus: Dripping test device
Test Specimen Placement: Tilt one face of the specimen at a 15° angle from the vertical line. The distance from the top of the specimen to the water dripping outlet shall not exceed 200 mm. After testing one face, switch to another face, for a total of 4 test cycles.
Test Conditions: Water drip rate is 30.5 mm/min
Test Duration: 4 × 2.5 min (10 min in total)
IPX3 Test Name: Spraying Test
Test Methods:
　　a. Oscillating Tube Spraying Test
　　Test Apparatus: Oscillating tube water spraying and splashing test device
　　Test Specimen Placement: Select an oscillating tube with an appropriate radius, so that the height of the test platform is at the diameter position of the oscillating tube. Place the specimen on the test platform, ensuring the distance from the top of the specimen to the water spraying outlet does not exceed 200 mm. The test platform shall not rotate.
　　Test Conditions: Water flow rate is calculated based on the number of spray holes on the oscillating tube, at 0.07 L/min per hole. During spraying, water from the spray holes within the 60° arc on each side of the midpoint of the oscillating tube is directed at the specimen. The test specimen is placed at the center of the semicircle of the oscillating tube. The oscillating tube swings 60° on each side of the vertical line, for a total swing angle of 120°. Each swing (2 × 120°) takes approximately 4 s.
　　Test Duration: Continuous spraying for 10 min
　　b. Nozzle-Type Spraying Test
　　Test Apparatus: Handheld water spraying and splashing test device
　　Test Specimen Placement: Keep the parallel distance from the top of the test specimen to the water spraying outlet of the handheld nozzle between 300 mm and 500 mm.
　　Test Conditions: A baffle with counterweights shall be installed during the test, and the water flow rate is 10 L/min.
　　Test Duration: Calculated based on the external surface area of the test specimen enclosure, 1 min per square meter (excluding the installed area), with a minimum duration of 5 min.
IPX4 Test Name: Splashing Test
Test Methods:
　　a. Oscillating Tube Splashing Test
　　Test Apparatus and Specimen Placement: Identical to the provisions in Clause a of IPX3 above;
　　Test Conditions: Except for the conditions specified below, all provisions are identical to those in Clause a of IPX3 above; water from the spray holes within the 90° arc on each side of the midpoint of the oscillating tube is directed at the specimen. The test specimen is placed at the center of the semicircle of the oscillating tube. The oscillating tube swings 180° on each side of the vertical line, for a total swing angle of approximately 360°. Each swing (2 × 360°) takes approximately 12 s.
　　Test Duration: Identical to the provisions in Clause a of IPX3 above (i.e. 10 min).
　　b. Nozzle-Type Splashing Test
　　Test Apparatus and Specimen Placement: Identical to the provisions in Clause b of IPX3 above;
　　Test Conditions: Remove the baffle with counterweights installed on the device, all other provisions are identical to those in Clause b of IPX3 above;
　　Test Duration: Identical to the provisions in Clause b of IPX3 above, i.e. calculated based on the external surface area of the test specimen enclosure, 1 min per square meter (excluding the installed area), with a minimum duration of 5 min.
IPX5 Test Name: Water Jet Test
Test Apparatus: The inner diameter of the nozzle water outlet is 6.3 mm
Test Conditions: Keep the distance between the test specimen and the water outlet between 2.5 m and 3 m, with a water flow rate of 12.5 L/min (750 L/h)
Test Duration: Calculated based on the external surface area of the test specimen enclosure, 1 min per square meter (excluding the installed area), with a minimum duration of 3 min.
IPX6 Test Name: Powerful Water Jet Test
Test Apparatus: The inner diameter of the nozzle water outlet is 12.5 mm
Test Conditions: Keep the distance between the test specimen and the water outlet between 2.5 m and 3 m, with a water flow rate of 100 L/min (6000 L/h)
Test Duration: Calculated based on the external surface area of the test specimen enclosure, 1 min per square meter (excluding the installed area), with a minimum duration of 3 min.
IPX7 Test Name: Temporary Immersion Test
Test Apparatus and Conditions: Water immersion tank. Its dimensions shall ensure that after the specimen is placed in the immersion tank, the distance from the bottom of the specimen to the water surface is at least 1 m, and the distance from the top of the specimen to the water surface is at least 0.15 m.
Test Duration: 30 min
IPX8 Test Name: Continuous Submersion Test
Test Apparatus, Conditions and Duration: Agreed upon by the supplier and the purchaser, the test severity shall be higher than that of IPX7.

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